328 lines
7.5 KiB
TeX
328 lines
7.5 KiB
TeX
% 2026, Prof. Dr. Matthias Jung (DL9MJ)
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\begin{tikzpicture}
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\begin{axis}[
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width=\linewidth*\getDarcImageFactor,
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height=0.75\linewidth*\getDarcImageFactor,
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xmin=-8.8,
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xmax=11.8,
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ymin=-3.5,
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ymax=10.8,
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axis lines=none,
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clip=false,
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]
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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% Koordinatenachsen
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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\draw[-Triangle]
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(axis cs:0,0) -- (axis cs:11.4,0);
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\draw[-Triangle]
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(axis cs:0,0) -- (axis cs:-8.5,0);
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\draw[-Triangle]
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(axis cs:0,0) -- (axis cs:0,10.5);
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\draw[-Triangle]
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(axis cs:0,0) -- (axis cs:0,-3.3);
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% Achsenbeschriftungen
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\node[anchor=west]
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at (axis cs:11.45,-0.25)
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{$U_{CE}$ in \si{\volt}};
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\node[anchor=east]
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at (axis cs:-8.55,-0.25)
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{$I_B$ in \si{\micro\ampere}};
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\node[anchor=south]
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at (axis cs:0.25,10.5)
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{$I_C$ in \si{\milli\ampere}};
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\node[anchor=north]
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at (axis cs:0.25,-3.3)
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{$U_{BE}$ in \si{\volt}};
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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% Skalen rechts: U_CE in Volt
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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\pgfplotsinvokeforeach{2,4,6,8,10}{
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\draw
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(axis cs:#1,-0.10) -- (axis cs:#1,0.10);
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\node[anchor=north]
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at (axis cs:#1,-0.13)
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{\small #1};
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}
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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% Skalen links: I_B in Mikroampere
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% Eine Koordinateneinheit entspricht 10 µA.
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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\def\DARCIbTick#1/#2\relax{
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\draw
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(axis cs:#1,-0.10) -- (axis cs:#1,0.10);
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\node[anchor=north]
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at (axis cs:#1,-0.13)
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{\small #2};
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}
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\pgfplotsinvokeforeach{-2/20,-4/40,-6/60,-8/80}{
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\expandafter\DARCIbTick#1\relax
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}
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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% Skalen oben: I_C in Milliampere
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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\pgfplotsinvokeforeach{2,4,6,8,10}{
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\draw
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(axis cs:-0.10,#1) -- (axis cs:0.10,#1);
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\node[anchor=east]
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at (axis cs:-0.14,#1)
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{\small #1};
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}
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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% Skalen unten: U_BE in Volt
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% Die geometrische Skala ist für die gemeinsame Darstellung gestreckt.
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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\def\DARCUbeTick#1/#2\relax{
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\draw
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(axis cs:-0.10,#1) -- (axis cs:0.10,#1);
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\node[anchor=east]
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at (axis cs:-0.14,#1)
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{\small #2};
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}
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\pgfplotsinvokeforeach{-1/{0{,}6},-2/{0{,}7},-3/{0{,}8}}{
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\expandafter\DARCUbeTick#1\relax
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}
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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% Stromsteuerkennlinie I_C = beta * I_B
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%
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% Bei beta = 100 gilt:
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% 10 µA Basisstrom entsprechen ungefähr 1 mA Kollektorstrom.
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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\addplot[
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DARCblue,
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very thick,
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domain=0:8,
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samples=2,
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]
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({-x},{x});
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\node[
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anchor=south east,
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align=right,
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]
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at (axis cs:-6.4,8.2)
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{Stromsteuerkennlinie\\$I_C \approx \beta I_B$};
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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% Eingangskennlinie
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%
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% Vereinfachte Exponentialkennlinie der Basis-Emitter-Strecke.
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% Parameter u entspricht U_BE.
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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\addplot[
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DARCblue,
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very thick,
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domain=0.50:0.80,
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samples=160,
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variable=\u,
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]
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(
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{-0.054*exp((\u-0.55)/0.05)},
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{-10*(\u-0.50)}
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);
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\node[
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anchor=north east,
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]
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at (axis cs:-6.0,-3.0)
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{Eingangskennlinie};
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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% Ausgangskennlinien
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%
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% Vereinfachtes Modell:
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% I_C nähert sich für größere U_CE dem durch I_B festgelegten Wert an.
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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\pgfplotsinvokeforeach{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}{
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\addplot[
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DARCblue,
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thick,
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domain=0:10,
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samples=150,
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]
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{#1*(1-exp(-x/0.25))};
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}
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\node[
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anchor=south west,
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]
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at (axis cs:4.5,9.5)
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{Ausgangskennlinien};
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% Beschriftung ausgewählter Basisströme
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\def\DARCoutputLabel#1/#2\relax{
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\node[
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anchor=west,
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font=\scriptsize,
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fill=white,
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inner sep=1pt,
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]
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at (axis cs:9.7,#1)
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{$I_B=\qty{#2}{\micro\ampere}$};
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}
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\pgfplotsinvokeforeach{2/20,4/40,6/60,8/80}{
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\expandafter\DARCoutputLabel#1\relax
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}
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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% Arbeitsgerade
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%
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% Beispiel:
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% U_0 = 10 V
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% R_C = 1 kOhm
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%
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% I_C = (U_0 - U_CE) / R_C
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% Bei der gewählten Skalierung ergibt sich I_C[mA] = 10 - U_CE[V].
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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\addplot[
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black,
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densely dashed,
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very thick,
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domain=0:10,
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samples=2,
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]
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{10-x};
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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% Arbeitspunkt Q
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%
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% U_CE = 5 V
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% I_C = 5 mA
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% I_B = 50 µA
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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\addplot[
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only marks,
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mark=*,
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mark size=2.3pt,
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DARCgreen,
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]
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coordinates {
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(5,5)
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};
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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% Hilfslinien zwischen den Kennlinien und dem Arbeitspunkt
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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% Projektion von I_B auf die Stromsteuerkennlinie und zum Arbeitspunkt
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\draw[
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DARCgreen,
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thick,
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densely dashed,
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]
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(axis cs:-5,0)
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-- (axis cs:-5,5)
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-- (axis cs:5,5)
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-- (axis cs:5,0);
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% Zugehöriger Punkt auf der Eingangskennlinie:
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% bei I_B ungefähr 50 µA ergibt sich U_BE ungefähr 0,78 V.
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\draw[
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DARCgreen,
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thick,
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densely dashed,
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]
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(axis cs:-5,0)
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-- (axis cs:-5,-2.77)
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-- (axis cs:0,-2.77);
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\fill[DARCgreen]
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(axis cs:-5,5)
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circle[radius=1.5pt];
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\fill[DARCgreen]
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(axis cs:-5,-2.77)
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circle[radius=1.5pt];
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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% Beispielhafte Aussteuerung entlang der Arbeitsgeraden
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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\node[
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rotate=-45,
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anchor=south,
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fill=white,
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inner sep=0pt,
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outer sep=5pt,
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font=\small,
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]
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at (axis cs:5.0,5.0)
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{\textcolor{DARCgreen}{Arbeitspunkt}};
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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% Signalübertragung durch das Kennlinienfeld
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% --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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% Scheitelwerte des Eingangssignals, über die drei Kennlinien bis zum
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% Ausgangssignal projiziert.
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\draw[gray,densely dashed]
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(axis cs:0.75,-2.59)
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-- (axis cs:-3.5,-2.59)
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-- (axis cs:-3.5,3.5)
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-- (axis cs:6.5,3.5)
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-- (axis cs:6.5,-1.55);
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\draw[gray,densely dashed]
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(axis cs:0.75,-2.90)
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-- (axis cs:-6.5,-2.90)
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-- (axis cs:-6.5,6.5)
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-- (axis cs:3.5,6.5)
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-- (axis cs:3.5,-1.55);
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% Eingangssignal u_BE(t): horizontal, da U_BE senkrecht aufgetragen ist.
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\addplot[
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DARCred,
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thick,
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domain=0.75:2.75,
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samples=100,
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variable=\t,
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]
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({\t},{-2.745 + 0.155*sin(720*(\t-0.75)/2.0)});
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% Ausgangssignal u_CE(t): quer zur waagerechten U_CE-Achse. Die größere
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% Auslenkung zeigt die Verstärkung, das Minuszeichen die Phasenumkehr.
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\addplot[
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DARCred,
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very thick,
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domain=-1.55:-0.35,
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samples=100,
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variable=\t,
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]
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({5.0 - 1.5*sin(360*(\t+1.55)/1.20)},{\t});
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\end{axis}
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\end{tikzpicture}
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