SuperminarenandClaude Sonnet 5.5
f7fa8cfbc1
- Sections and slides rewritten in Swedish; German law and institutions replaced by Swedish/CEPT/ITU equivalents (PTS, SSA, PTSFS 2025:1, SSMFS 2008:18), unverified statements marked "% TODO VERIFY" - New toc: INSTEG, HAREC, UPPGRADERING; section idents are Swedish (see ident-map.tsv) - Exam-question tags, BNetzA question pool, solutions and the German SWL course removed - Static pages, snippets, applets, READMEs and image alt-texts translated - TikZ labels translated; SVG drawings regenerated (drawing 689 still fails to build upstream: it references a missing photo) - Changed from the original: not endorsed by DARC e.V., SSA or PTS Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
153 lines
3.2 KiB
Markdown
153 lines
3.2 KiB
Markdown
## Ackumulatortyper
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De vanligaste ackumulatortyperna inom amatörradion:
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* Blyackumulator (Pb)
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* Nickel-metallhydrid (NiMH)
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* Litiumjärnfosfat (LiFePO4)
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---
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[photo:175:a_akku_lifepo4:LiFePO4]
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<left>
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* Kapacitet: $\qty{4200}{\milli\ampere\hour}$
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* Spänning: 4S1P / $\qty{13,2}{\volt}$
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</left>
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<right>
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* Urladdning: 30C Constant / 40C Burst
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* Balanskontakt: JST-XH
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</right>
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---
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### Kopplingar
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Exempel:
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* 4S1P: 4 celler i serie, 1 parallellt
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* 4S2P: 4 celler i serie, 2 parallellt
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<fragment>
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Per cell ca. $\qty{3,2}{\volt}$ till $\qty{3,3}{\volt}$, alltså<br/>$\qty{3,3}{\volt} \cdot 4 = \qty{13,2}{\volt}$
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</fragment>
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---
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### Kapacitet
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Exempelackumulator: $\qty{4200}{\milli\ampere\hour} = \qty{4,2}{\ampere\hour}$
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<fragment>
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$\rightarrow$ belasta 1 timme med $\qty{4,2}{\ampere}$ eller 2 timmar med $\qty{2,1}{\ampere}$
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</fragment>
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<fragment>
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$t = \frac{Q}{I}$
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</fragment>
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<fragment>
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$t = \frac{\qty{4,2}{\ampere\hour}}{\qty{4,2}{\ampere}} = \qty{1}{\hour}$
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</fragment>
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<note>
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vid behov räkna om timmar till sekunder med $\qty{1}{\hour} = \qty{3600}{\second}$
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</note>
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---
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### Elektrisk energi
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Lagrad elektrisk energi i ackumulatorn
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$E = Q \cdot U$
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<fragment>
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Exempelackumulator: $E = \qty{4,2}{\ampere\hour} \cdot \qty{13,2}{\volt} = \qty{55,44}{\watt\hour}$
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</fragment>
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---
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### Urladdningsström
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Uppgift på exempelackumulatorn: 30C
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Urladdningen kan ske med 30 gånger kapaciteten $Q$
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<fragment>
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Urladdningsström = $30 \cdot \frac{1}{\unit{\hour}} \cdot \qty{4,2}{\ampere\hour} = \qty{126}{\ampere}$
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</fragment>
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<fragment>
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Ackumulatorn vore urladdad på 120 sekunder.
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</fragment>
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<note>
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Kabelarean måste beaktas
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</note>
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---
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### Seriekoppling av ackumulatorer
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<left>
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[photo:176:a_akku_4S1P:Seriekoppling]
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</left>
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<right>
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* Spänningarna adderas
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* Koppla bara ihop celler med samma data
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</right>
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<note>
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Vid olika data påverkar eller skadar cellerna varandra
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</note>
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---
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### Parallellkoppling av ackumulatorer
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<left>
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[photo:177:a_akku_4S2P:Parallellkoppling]
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</left>
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<right>
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* Spänningarna förblir desamma
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* Kapaciteterna adderas
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</right>
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<note>
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</note>
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---
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### Balanserare
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<left>
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[photo:178:a_akku_lifepo4_anschluss:LiFePO4 anslutningar]
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</left>
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<right>
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* Balansanslutningen kommer åt varje cells spänning
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* Balanskoppling för utjämning av spänningarna
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* Skydd av cellerna
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* Batterimonitor
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</right>
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<note>
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</note>
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---
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#### Lösningsgång
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* givet: $U = \qty{2}{\volt}$
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* givet: $Q = \qty{10}{\ampere\hour}$
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* givet: $N = 6$
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* sökt: $U_{\mathrm{tot}}, Q_{\mathrm{tot}}$
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<fragment>
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$U_{\mathrm{tot}} = N \cdot U = 6 \cdot \qty{2}{\volt} = \qty{12}{\volt}$
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</fragment>
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<fragment>
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$Q_{\mathrm{tot}} = Q \cdot 1 = \qty{10}{\ampere\hour}$
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</fragment>
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---
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#### Lösningsgång
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* givet: $Q_{\mathrm{max}} = \qty{60}{\ampere\hour}$
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* givet: $Q_{\qty{10}{\percent}} = 0,1 \cdot Q_\mathrm{max} = \qty{6}{\ampere\hour}$
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* givet: $I = \qty{0,8}{\ampere}$
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* sökt: $t$
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<fragment>
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$Q = I \cdot t \Rightarrow t = \frac{Q}{I} = \frac{Q_{\mathrm{max}} - Q_{10\%}}{I} = \frac{\qty{54}{\ampere\hour}}{\qty{0,8}{\ampere}} = \qty{67,5}{\hour}$
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</fragment>
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---
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#### Lösningsgång
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* givet: $U = \qty{12}{\volt}$
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* givet: $Q = \qty{5}{\ampere\hour}$
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* sökt: $W$
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<fragment>
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$W = P \cdot t = U \cdot I \cdot t = U \cdot Q = \qty{12}{\volt} \cdot \qty{5}{\ampere\hour} = \qty{60,0}{\watt\hour}$
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</fragment>
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